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Terran Languages

Copyright © 2004-2021 C.E. by D. Jon Scott

Main branching patterns

Terran branch
+Back-Vowel Voicing
Agrarian-Montane subbranch
+Glottal Deconsonantalization
Sylvan-Agrarian subbranch
(Open syllables)
+Further Lenition
Sylvanic subbranch
+Consonantal Vowel Deletion
Agrarian subbranch
+Synalœpha
Montane-Nomadic subbranch
(Closed syllables)
+Further Lenition
Nomadic subbranch
+Synalœpha
Montane subbranch
+Consonantal Vowel Deletion
Chthonic subbranch
(Closed syllables)
+Glottal Assimilation
Colline subbranch
+Further Lenition
+Consonantal Vowel Deletion
Infernal subbranch
+Further Lenition
+Synalœpha



Evolution of the Sylvanic Languages
Language Family SuffixingPrefixing
PreformativeAfformative PreformativeAfformative
OpenClosed OpenClosed OpenClosed OpenClosed
Proto-Palæoboreanic Taqa-toqi-tataqoAtaq-otiq-atatoq Qata-qito-qotataAqat-iqot-oqatat Tataqo-toqi-taqaAtatoq-otiq-ataq Qotata-qito-qataOqatat-iqot-aqat
Proto-Terran Daqa-doqi-dadaqoAdaq-odiq-adadoq Qada-qido-qodadaAqad-iqod-oqadad Dadaqo-doqi-daqaAdadoq-odiq-adaq Qodada-qido-qadaOqadad-iqod-aqad
Proto-Agrarian-Montane Daá-doí-dadaóAdá-odí-adadó Áda-ído-ódadaÁad-íod-óadad Dadaó-doí-daáAdadó-odí-adá Ódada-ído-ádaÓadad-íod-áad
Proto-Sylvan-Agrarian Naá-roí-raraóN/A Ána-íro-óraraN/A Raraó-roí-naáN/A Órara-íro-ánaN/A
Proto-Sylvanic Na-ri-nhoN/A An-ir-onhN/A Nho-ri-naN/A Onh-ir-anN/A
Sylvanic 1 Na-ri-loN/A An-ir-olN/A Lo-ri-naN/A Ol-ir-anN/A
Sylvanic 2 NariloN/A AnirolN/A LorinaN/A OliranN/A

  • Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Na-ri-nho) — OVS: Proto-Drayadic, Proto-Sylvan, Proto-Faerish
  • Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Na-ri-nho) — SVO: Proto-Aldelfish, Proto-Woodelfish
  • Formerly-open, Afformative, Suffixing (An-ir-onh) — OVS: Proto-Maenadic
  • Formerly-open, Afformative, Suffixing (An-ir-onh) — SVO: Proto-Darkelfish
  • Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Nho-ri-na) — OVS: Proto-Nightelfish? Proto-Huldric? Proto-Hesperidic?
  • Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Nho-ri-na) — SVO: Proto-Moonelfish? Proto-Huldric?
  • Formerly-open, Afformative, Prefixing (Onh-ir-an) — OVS: Proto-Arachnyadic
  • Formerly-open, Afformative, Prefixing (Onh-ir-an) — SVO: Proto-Swartelfish




Evolution of the Agrarian Languages
Language Family SuffixingPrefixing
PreformativeAfformative PreformativeAfformative
OpenClosed OpenClosed OpenClosed OpenClosed
Proto-Palæoboreanic Taqa-toqi-tataqoAtaq-otiq-atatoq Qata-qito-qotataAqat-iqot-oqatat Tataqo-toqi-taqaAtatoq-otiq-ataq Qotata-qito-qataOqatat-iqot-aqat
Proto-Terran Daqa-doqi-dadaqoAdaq-odiq-adadoq Qada-qido-qodadaAqad-iqod-oqadad Dadaqo-doqi-daqaAdadoq-odiq-adaq Qodada-qido-qadaOqadad-iqod-aqad
Proto-Agrarian-Montane Daá-doí-dadaóAdá-odí-adadó Áda-ído-ódadaÁad-íod-óadad Dadaó-doí-daáAdadó-odí-adá Ódada-ído-ádaÓadad-íod-áad
Proto-Sylvan-Agrarian Naá-roí-raraóN/A Ána-íro-óraraN/A Raraó-roí-naáN/A Órara-íro-ánaN/A
Proto-Agrarian Naa-roi-nhao?N/A Ana-iro-onha?N/A Nhao-roi-naa?N/A Onha-iro-ana?N/A
Agrarian 1 Naa-roi-lao?N/A Ana-iro-ola?N/A Lao-roi-naa?N/A Ola-iro-ana?N/A
Agrarian 2 Naaroilao?N/A Anairoola?N/A Laoroinaa?N/A Olairoana?N/A

  • Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Naa-roi-nhao) — OVS: Proto-Leimakidic, Proto-Leimoniadic, Proto-Epimelidic?
  • Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Naa-roi-nhao) — SVO: Proto-Meadowelfish
  • Open, Afformative, Suffixing (Ana-iro-onha) — OVS:
  • Open, Afformative, Suffixing (Ana-iro-onha) — SVO:
  • Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Nhao-roi-naa) — OVS:
  • Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Nhao-roi-naa) — SVO: Proto-Centaurian?
  • Open, Afformative, Prefixing (Onha-iro-ana) — OVS:
  • Open, Afformative, Prefixing (Onha-iro-ana) — SVO: Agrarian Proto-Dwarfish / Proto-Fielddwarfish?




Evolution of the Nomadic Languages
Language Family SuffixingPrefixing
PreformativeAfformative PreformativeAfformative
OpenClosed OpenClosed OpenClosed OpenClosed
Proto-Palæoboreanic Taqa-toqi-tataqoAtaq-otiq-atatoq Qata-qito-qotataAqat-iqot-oqatat Tataqo-toqi-taqaAtatoq-otiq-ataq Qotata-qito-qataOqatat-iqot-aqat
Proto-Terran Daqa-doqi-dadaqoAdaq-odiq-adadoq Qada-qido-qodadaAqad-iqod-oqadad Dadaqo-doqi-daqaAdadoq-odiq-adaq Qodada-qido-qadaOqadad-iqod-aqad
Proto-Agrarian-Montane Daá-doí-dadaóAdá-odí-adadó Áda-ído-ódadaÁad-íod-óadad Dadaó-doí-daáAdadó-odí-adá Ódada-ído-ádaÓadad-íod-áad
Proto-Montane-Nomadic N/AAná-orí-araró N/AÁan-íor-óarar N/AAraró-orí-aná N/AÓarar-íor-áan
Proto-Nomadic N/AAna-ori-anho? N/AAan-ior-aonh N/AAnho-ori-ana? N/AOanh-ior-aan?
Nomadic 1 N/AAna-ori-alo? N/AAan-ior-aol? N/AAlo-ori-ana? N/AOal-ir-aan?
Nomadic 2 N/AAnaorialo? N/AAanioraol? N/AAlooriana? N/AOalioraan?

  • Formerly-closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Ana-ori-anho) — OVS:
  • Formerly-closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Ana-ori-anho) — SVO: Proto-Trooping-Faerish?
  • Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Aan-ior-oanh) — OVS:
  • Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Aan-ior-oanh) — SVO:
  • Formerly-closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Anho-ori-ana) — OVS:
  • Formerly-closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Anho-ori-ana) — SVO:
  • Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Oanh-ior-aan) — OVS:
  • Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Oanh-ior-aan) — SVO:




Evolution of the Montane Languages
Language Family SuffixingPrefixing
PreformativeAfformative PreformativeAfformative
OpenClosed OpenClosed OpenClosed OpenClosed
Proto-Palæoboreanic Taqa-toqi-tataqoAtaq-otiq-atatoq Qata-qito-qotataAqat-iqot-oqatat Tataqo-toqi-taqaAtatoq-otiq-ataq Qotata-qito-qataOqatat-iqot-aqat
Proto-Terran Daqa-doqi-dadaqoAdaq-odiq-adadoq Qada-qido-qodadaAqad-iqod-oqadad Dadaqo-doqi-daqaAdadoq-odiq-adaq Qodada-qido-qadaOqadad-iqod-aqad
Proto-Agrarian-Montane Daá-doí-dadaóAdá-odí-adadó Áda-ído-ódadaÁad-íod-óadad Dadaó-doí-daáAdadó-odí-adá Ódada-ído-ádaÓadad-íod-áad
Proto-Montane-Nomadic N/AAná-orí-araró N/AÁan-íor-óarar N/AAraró-orí-aná N/AÓarar-íor-áan
Proto-Montane N/ANa-ri-rho N/AAn-ir-orh N/ARho-ri-na N/AOrh-ir-an
Montane 1 N/ANa-rhi-ro N/AAn-iŋr-or N/ARo-rhi-na N/AOrr-imhr-an
Montane 2 N/ANarhiro? N/AAniŋror N/ARorhina? N/AOrriwran

  • Formerly-closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Na-ri-rho?) — OVS: Proto-Oreiadic? Proto-Cryonyadic?
  • Formerly-closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Na-ri-rho?) — SVO:
  • Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (An-ir-orh) — OVS: Proto-Ogrish?
  • Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (An-ir-orh) — SVO: Proto-Ogrish
  • Formerly-closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Rho-ri-na?) — OVS:
  • Formerly-closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Rho-ri-na?) — SVO:
  • Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Orh-ir-an) — OVS: Proto-Dwarfish?
  • Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Orh-ir-an) — SVO: Proto-Dwarfish?




Evolution of the Colline Languages
Language Family SuffixingPrefixing
PreformativeAfformative PreformativeAfformative
OpenClosed OpenClosed OpenClosed OpenClosed
Proto-Palæoboreanic Taqa-toqi-tataqoAtaq-otiq-atatoq Qata-qito-qotataAqat-iqot-oqatat Tataqo-toqi-taqaAtatoq-otiq-ataq Qotata-qito-qataOqatat-iqot-aqat
Proto-Terran Daqa-doqi-dadaqoAdaq-odiq-adadoq Qada-qido-qodadaAqad-iqod-oqadad Dadaqo-doqi-daqaAdadoq-odiq-adaq Qodada-qido-qadaOqadad-iqod-aqad
Proto-Chthonic N/AAdáj-odíj-adadów? N/AÁjad-íjod-ówadad? N/AAdadów-odíj-adáj? N/AÓwadad-íjod-ájad?
Proto-Colline N/AAnáj-oríj-ararów? N/AÁjan-íjor-ówarar? N/AArarów-oríj-anáj? N/AÓwarar-íjor-ájan?
Colline 1 N/ANah-rij-nhow? N/AAhn-ijr-ownh? N/ANhow-rij-nah? N/AOwnh-ijr-ahn?
Colline 2 N/ANarhiljow? N/AAnhirjowl? N/ALorwinjah? N/AOlwirjahn?

  • Closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Nah-rij-nhow?) — OVS:
  • Closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Nah-rij-nhow?) — SVO: Proto-Wooddwarfish?
  • Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Ahn-ijr-ownh?) — OVS:
  • Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Ahn-ijr-ownh?) — SVO:
  • Closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Nhow-rij-nah?) — OVS:
  • Closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Nhow-rij-nah?) — SVO:
  • Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Ownh-ijr-ahn) — OVS:
  • Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Ownh-ijr-ahn) — SVO: Colline Proto-Dwarfish / Proto-Hilldwarfish




Evolution of the Infernal Languages
Language Family SuffixingPrefixing
PreformativeAfformative PreformativeAfformative
OpenClosed OpenClosed OpenClosed OpenClosed
Proto-Palæoboreanic Taqa-toqi-tataqoAtaq-otiq-atatoq Qata-qito-qotataAqat-iqot-oqatat Tataqo-toqi-taqaAtatoq-otiq-ataq Qotata-qito-qataOqatat-iqot-aqat
Proto-Terran Daqa-doqi-dadaqoAdaq-odiq-adadoq Qada-qido-qodadaAqad-iqod-oqadad Dadaqo-doqi-daqaAdadoq-odiq-adaq Qodada-qido-qadaOqadad-iqod-aqad
Proto-Chthonic N/AAdáh-odíj-adadów? N/AÁhad-íjod-ówadad? N/AAdadów-odíj-adáh? N/AÓwadad-íjod-áhad?
Proto-Infernal 1 N/AAnáh-oríj-ararów? N/AÁhan-íjor-ówarar? N/AArarów-oríj-anáh? N/AÓwarar-íjor-áhan?
Proto-Infernal 2a N/AAnáh-oríj-arrów? N/AÁhan-íjor-ówarr? N/AArrów-oríj-anáh? N/AÓwarr-íjor-áhan?
Proto-Infernal 2b N/AAnáh-oríj-arhów? N/AÁhan-íjor-ówarh? N/AArhów-oríj-anáh? N/AÓwarh-íjor-áhan?
Proto-Infernal 2c N/AAnáh-oríj-anhów? N/AÁhan-íjor-ówanh? N/AAnhów-oríj-anáh? N/AÓwanh-íjor-áhan?

  • Closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Anah-orij-anhow?) — OVS: Proto-Lampadic?
  • Closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Anah-orij-anhow?) — SVO:
  • Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Ahan-ijor-owanh?) — OVS: Proto-Ortch? Proto-Fomorian?
  • Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Ahan-ijor-owanh?) — SVO: Proto-Ortch? Proto-Fomorian?
  • Closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Anhow-orij-anah?) — OVS:
  • Closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Anhow-orij-anah?) — SVO:
  • Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Owanh-ijor-ahan?) — OVS:
  • Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Owanh-ijor-ahan?) — SVO: Infernal Proto-Dwarfish




Grouped List

This is a list of the early Palaeoboreanic dialects.


  • [Phase 1] Taqa-toqi-tataqo — OPS Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Ataq-otiq-atatoq — CPS Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Qata-qito-qotata — OAS Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Aqat-iqot-oqatat — CAS Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Tataqo-toqi-taqa — OPP Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Atatoq-otiq-ataq — CPP Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Qotata-qito-qata — OAP Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Oqatat-iqot-aqat — CAP Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Daqa-doqi-dadaqo — OPS Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Adaq-odiq-adadoq — CPS Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Qada-qido-qodada — OAS Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Aqad-iqod-oqadad — CAS Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Dadaqo-doqi-daqa — OPP Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Adadoq-odiq-adaq — CPP Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Qodada-qido-qada — OAP Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Oqadad-iqod-aqad — CAP Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 3A1] Daa-doi-dadao — OPS Proto-Agrarian-Montane dialects: Proto-Drayadic; Proto-Sylvan; Proto-Faerish; Proto-Aldelfish; Proto-Woodelfish; Proto-Leimakidic; Proto-Leimoniadic; Proto-Epimelidic? Proto-Meadowelfish; Proto-Trooping-Faerish? Proto-Oreyadic? Proto-Cryonadic?
  • [Phase 3A1] Ada-odi-adado — CPS Proto-Agrarian-Montane
  • [Phase 3A1] Ada-ido-odada — OAS Proto-Agrarian-Montane
  • [Phase 3A1] Aad-iod-oadad — CAS Proto-Agrarian-Montane
  • [Phase 3A1] Dadao-doi-daa — OPP Proto-Agrarian-Montane
  • [Phase 3A1] Adado-odi-ada — CPP Proto-Agrarian-Montane
  • [Phase 3A1] Odada-ido-ada — OAP Proto-Agrarian-Montane
  • [Phase 3A1] Oadad-iod-aad — CAP Proto-Agrarian-Montane
  • [Phase 3AX] Daja-doji-dadawo — OPS Proto-Aerial
  • [Phase 3AX] Jada-jido-wodada — OAS Proto-Aerial
  • [Phase 3AX] Dadawo-doji-daja — OPP Proto-Aerial
  • [Phase 3AX] Wodada-jido-jada — OAP Proto-Aerial
  • [Phase 3A2] Adaj-odij-adadow — CPS Proto-Chthonic
  • [Phase 3A2] Ajad-ijod-owadad — CAS Proto-Chthonic
  • [Phase 3A2] Adadow-odij-adaj — CPP Proto-Chthonic
  • [Phase 3A2] Owadad-ijod-ajad — CAP Proto-Chthonic
  • [Phase 4A1a] Naa-roi-rarao — OPS Proto-Sylvan-Agrarain dialects: Proto-Drayadic; Proto-Sylvan; Proto-Faerish; Proto-Aldelfish; Proto-Woodelfish; Proto-Leimakidic; Proto-Leimoniadic; Proto-Epimelidic? Proto-Meadowelfish; Proto-Trooping-Faerish? Proto-Oreyadic? Proto-Cryonadic?
  • [Phase 4A1a] Ana-iro-orara — OAS Proto-Sylvan-Agrarain dialects: Proto-Maenadic; Proto-Darkelfish
  • [Phase 4A1a] Rarao-roi-naa — OPP Proto-Sylvan-Agrarain dialects: Proto-Nightelfish? Proto-Huldric? Proto-Moonelfish? Proto-Hesperidic? Proto-Centaurian?
  • [Phase 4A1a] Orara-iro-ana — OAP Proto-Sylvan-Agrarain dialects: Proto-Arachneyadic? Proto-Swartelfish; Proto-Fielddwarfish? Agrarian Proto-Dwarfish?
  • [Phase 4A1b] Ana-ori-araro — CPS Proto-Montane-Nomadic dialects: Proto-Trooping-Faerish? Proto-Oreyadic? Proto-Cryonadic?
  • [Phase 4A1b] Aan-ior-oarar — CAS Proto-Montane-Nomadic dialects: Proto-Ogrish? Proto-Mountainogrish?
  • [Phase 4A1b] Araro-ori-ana — CPP Proto-Montane-Nomadic
  • [Phase 4A1b] Oarar-ior-aar — CAP Proto-Montane-Nomadic dialects: Proto-Dwarfish? Proto-Mountaindwarfish?
  • [Phase 4A2a] Anaj-orij-ararow — CPS Proto-Colline
  • [Phase 4A2a] Ajan-ijor-owarar — CAS Proto-Colline
  • [Phase 4A2a] Ararow-orij-anaj — CPP Proto-Colline
  • [Phase 4A2a] Owarar-ijor-ajar — CAP Proto-Colline
  • [Phase 4A2b] Anah-orij-ararow — CPS Proto-Infernal dialects [1]: Proto-Lampadic?
  • [Phase 4A2b] Ahan-ijor-owarar — CAS Proto-Infernal dialects [1]: Proto-Ortch? Proto-Fomorian?
  • [Phase 4A2b] Ararow-orij-anah — CPP Proto-Infernal [1]
  • [Phase 4A2b] Owarar-ijor-ahan — CAP Proto-Infernal dialects [1]: Infernal Proto-Dwarfish?
  • [Phase 5A1a1] Na-ri-nho — OPS Proto-Sylvanic dialects: Proto-Drayadic; Proto-Sylvan; Proto-Faerish; Proto-Aldelfish; Proto-Woodelfish
  • [Phase 5A1a1] An-ir-onh — OAS Proto-Sylvanic dialects: Proto-Maenadic; Proto-Darkelfish
  • [Phase 5A1a1] Nho-ri-na — OPP Proto-Sylvanic dialects: Proto-Nightelfish? Proto-Huldric? Proto-Moonelfish? Proto-Hesperidic?
  • [Phase 5A1a1] Onh-ir-an — OAP Proto-Sylvanic dialects: Proto-Arachnyadic; Proto-Swartelfish
  • [Phase 5A1a2] Naa-roi-nhao — OPS Proto-Agrarian dialects: Proto-Leimakidic; Proto-Leimoniadic; Proto-Epimelidic? Proto-Meadowelfish
  • [Phase 5A1a2] Ana-iro-onha — OAS Proto-Agrarian
  • [Phase 5A1a2] Nhao-roi-naa — OPP Proto-Agrarian dialects: Proto-Centaurian?
  • [Phase 5A1a2] Onha-iro-ana — OAP Proto-Agrarian dialects: Agrarian Proto-Dwarfish / Proto-Fielddwarfish?
  • [Phase 5A1b1] Ana-ori-anho — CPS Proto-Nomadic dialects: Proto-Trooping-Faerish?
  • [Phase 5A1b1] Aan-ior-oanh — CAS Proto-Nomadic
  • [Phase 5A1b1] Anho-ori-ana — CPP Proto-Nomadic
  • [Phase 5A1b1] Oanh-ior-aan — CAP Proto-Nomadic
  • [Phase 5A1b2] Na-ri-rho — CPS Proto-Montane dialects: Proto-Oreyadic? Proto-Cryonadic?
  • [Phase 5A1b2] An-ir-orh — CAS Proto-Montane dialects: Proto-Ogrish? Proto-Mountainogrish?
  • [Phase 5A1b2] Rho-ri-na — CPP Proto-Montane
  • [Phase 5A1b2] Orh-ir-an — CAP Proto-Montane dialects: Proto-Dwarfish? Proto-Mountaindwarfish?
  • [Phase 5A2a1] Nah-rij-nhow — CPS Colline languages [1]: Proto-Moundelfish; Proto-Sidhean; Proto-Wooddwarfish?
  • [Phase 5A2a1] Ahn-ijr-ownh — CAS Colline [1]
  • [Phase 5A2a1] Nhow-rij-nah — CPP Colline [1]
  • [Phase 5A2a1] Ownh-ijr-ahn — CAP Colline languages [1]: Colline Proto-Dwarfish / Proto-Hilldwarfish?
  • [Phase 5A2b1] Anah-orij-arrow — CPS Proto-Infernal [2a]
  • [Phase 5A2b1] Ahan-ijor-owarr — CAS Proto-Infernal [2a]
  • [Phase 5A2b1] Arrow-orij-anah — CPP Proto-Infernal [2a]
  • [Phase 5A2b1] Owarr-ijor-ahan — CAP Proto-Infernal [2a]
  • [Phase 5A2b2] Anah-orij-arhow — CPS Proto-Infernal [2b]
  • [Phase 5A2b2] Ahan-ijor-owarh — CAS Proto-Infernal [2b]
  • [Phase 5A2b2] Arhow-orij-anah — CPP Proto-Infernal [2b]
  • [Phase 5A2b2] Owarh-ijor-ahan — CAP Proto-Infernal [2b]
  • [Phase 5A2b3] Anah-orij-anhow — CPS Proto-Infernal [2c]
  • [Phase 5A2b3] Ahan-ijor-owanh — CAS Proto-Infernal [2c]
  • [Phase 5A2b3] Anhow-orij-anah — CPP Proto-Infernal [2c]
  • [Phase 5A2b3] Owanh-ijor-ahan — CAP Proto-Infernal [2c]
  • [Phase 6A1a1a] Na-ri-lo — OPS Sylvanic languages [1]: Proto-Drayadic; Proto-Sylvan; Proto-Faerish; Proto-Aldelfish; Proto-Woodelfish
  • [Phase 6A1a1a] An-ir-ol — OAS Sylvanic languages [1]: Proto-Maenadic; Proto-Darkelfish
  • [Phase 6A1a1a] Lo-ri-na — OPP Sylvanic languages [1]: Proto-Nightelfish? Proto-Huldric? Proto-Moonelfish? Proto-Hesperidic?
  • [Phase 6A1a1a] Ol-ir-an — OAP Sylvanic languages [1]: Proto-Arachneyadic? Proto-Swartelfish
  • [Phase 6A1a2a] Naa-roi-lao? — OPS Agrarian languages [1]: Proto-Leimakidic; Proto-Leimoniadic; Proto-Epimelidic? Proto-Meadowelfish
  • [Phase 6A1a2a] Ana-iro-ola? — OAS Agrarian [1]
  • [Phase 6A1a2a] Lao-roi-naa? — OPP Agrarian languages [1]: Proto-Centaurian?
  • [Phase 6A1a2a] Ola-iro-ana? — OAP Agrarian languages [1]: Proto-Fielddwarfish? Agrarian Proto-Dwarfish?
  • [Phase 6A1b1a] Ana-ori-alo? — CPS Nomadic languages [1]: Proto-Trooping-Faerish?
  • [Phase 6A1b1a] Aan-ior-oal? — CAS Nomadic [1]
  • [Phase 6A1b1a] Alo-ori-ana? — CPP Nomadic [1]
  • [Phase 6A1b1a] Oal-ior-aan? — CAP Nomadic [1]
  • [Phase 6A1b2a] Na-rhi-ro — CPS Montane languages [1]: Proto-Oreyadic? Proto-Cryonadic?
  • [Phase 6A1b2a] An-iŋr-or — CAS Montane [1]: Proto-Ogrish? Proto-Mountainogrish?
  • [Phase 6A1b2a] Ro-rhi-na — CPP Montane [1]
  • [Phase 6A1b2a] Orr-imhr-an — CAP Montane languages [1]: Proto-Dwarfish? Proto-Mountaindwarfish?
  • [Phase 6A2a1a] Narhiljow? — CPS Colline [2]: Moundelfish; Sidhean; Wooddwarfish?
  • [Phase 6A2a1a] Amhirjowl? — CAS Colline [2]: Felldwarfish?
  • [Phase 6A2a1a] Lorwinjah? — CPP Colline [2]
  • [Phase 6A2a1a] Olwirjahn? — CAP Colline [2]: Colline Dwarfish? Hilldwarfish?
  • [Phase 7A1a1a1] Narilo — OPS Sylvanic [2]: Aldelfish; Woodelfish; Drayadic; Faerish; Sylvan
  • [Phase 7A1a1a1] Anirol — OAS Sylvanic [2]: Darkelfish; Maenadic
  • [Phase 7A1a1a1] Lorina — OPP Sylvanic [2]: Nightelfish; Moonelfish
  • [Phase 7A1a1a1] Oliran — OAP Sylvanic [2]: Swartelfish; Sylvan Oreadic
  • [Phase 7A1a2a1] Naaroilao? — OPS Agrarian [2]: Meadowelfish; Leimakidic; Leimoniadic; Epimelidic
  • [Phase 7A1a2a1] Anairoola? — OAS Agrarian [2]
  • [Phase 7A1a2a1] Laoroinaa? — OPP Agrarian [2]: Centaurian?
  • [Phase 7A1a2a1] Olairoana? — OAP Agrarian [2]: Agrarian Dwarfish?
  • [Phase 7A1b1a1] Anaorialo? — CPS Nomadic [2]: Trooping Faerish?
  • [Phase 7A1b1a1] Aanioroal? — CAS Nomadic [2]
  • [Phase 7A1b1a1] Alooriana? — CPP Nomadic [2]
  • [Phase 7A1b1a1] Oalioraan? — CAP Nomadic [2]
  • [Phase 7A1b2a1] Naliro? — CPS Montane [2]: Glasselflish; Cryonadic; Alpine Oreadic
  • [Phase 7A1b2a1] Aniŋror — CAS Montane [2]: Ogrish?
  • [Phase 7A1b2a1] Rorhina? — CPP Montane [2]
  • [Phase 7A1b2a1] Orriwran — CAP Montane [2]: Mountaindwarfish?




Morphological Overview

Open syllables Preformative morphemes Suffixing lexemes
OPS
OPP
OPH
OAS
OAP
OAH
OHS
OHP
OHH
OPS
OPP
OPH
CPS
CPP
CPH
HPS
HPP
HPH
OPS
OAS
OHS
CPS
CAS
CHS
HPS
HAS
HHS
Closed syllables Afformative morphemes Prefixing lexemes
CPS
CPP
CPH
CAS
CAP
CAH
CHS
CHP
CHH
OAS
OAP
OAH
CAS
CAP
CAH
HAS
HAP
HAH
OPP
OAP
OHP
CPP
CAP
CHP
HPP
HAP
HHP
Hybrid syllables Hybrid morphemes Hybrid affixation
CPS
HPP
HPH
HAS
HAP
HAH
HHS
HHP
HHH
OHS
OHP
OHH
CHS
CHP
CHH
HHS
HHP
HHH
OPH
OAH
OHH
CPH
CAH
CHH
HPH
HAH
HHH

Dialectical Overview

Open morphologies Preformative morphologies Suffixing morphologies Object-Verb-Subject morphologies
OPS-OVS
OPS-SVO
OPS-HYB
OPP-OVS
OPP-SVO
OPP-HYB
OPH-OVS
OPH-SVO
OPH-HYB
OAS-OVS
OAS-SVO
OAS-HYB
OAP-OVS
OAP-SVO
OAP-HYB
OAH-OVS
OAH-SVO
OAH-HYB
OHS-OVS
OHS-SVO
OHS-HYB
OHP-OVS
OHP-SVO
OHP-HYB
OHH-OVS
OHH-SVO
OHH-HYB
OPS-OVS
OPS-SVO
OPS-HYB
OPP-OVS
OPP-SVO
OPP-HYB
OPH-OVS
OPH-SVO
OPH-HYB
CPS-OVS
CPS-SVO
CPS-HYB
CPP-OVS
CPP-SVO
CPP-HYB
CPH-OVS
CPH-SVO
CPH-HYB
HPS-OVS
HPS-SVO
HPS-HYB
HPP-OVS
HPP-SVO
HPP-HYB
HPH-OVS
HPH-SVO
HPH-HYB
OPS-OVS
OPS-SVO
OPS-HYB
OAS-OVS
OAS-SVO
OAS-HYB
OHS-OVS
OHS-SVO
OHS-HYB
CPS-OVS
CPS-SVO
CPS-HYB
CAS-OVS
CAS-SVO
CAS-HYB
CHS-OVS
CHS-SVO
CHS-HYB
HPS-OVS
HPS-SVO
HPS-HYB
HAS-OVS
HAS-SVO
HAS-HYB
HHS-OVS
HHS-SVO
HHS-HYB
OPS-OVS
OPP-OVS
OPH-OVS
OAS-OVS
OAP-OVS
OAH-OVS
OHS-OVS
OHP-OVS
OHH-OVS
CPS-OVS
CPP-OVS
CPH-OVS
CAS-OVS
CAP-OVS
CAH-OVS
CHS-OVS
CHP-OVS
CHH-OVS
HPS-OVS
HPP-OVS
HPH-OVS
HAS-OVS
HAP-OVS
HAH-OVS
HHS-OVS
HHP-OVS
HHH-OVS
Closed morphologies Afformative morphologies Prefixing morphologies Subject-Verb-Object morphologies
CPS-OVS
CPS-SVO
CPS-HYB
CPP-OVS
CPP-SVO
CPP-HYB
CPH-OVS
CPH-SVO
CPH-HYB
CAS-OVS
CAS-SVO
CAS-HYB
CAP-OVS
CAP-SVO
CAP-HYB
CAH-OVS
CAH-SVO
CAH-HYB
CHS-OVS
CHS-SVO
CHS-HYB
CHP-OVS
CHP-SVO
CHP-HYB
CHH-OVS
CHH-SVO
CHH-HYB
OAS-OVS
OAS-SVO
OAS-HYB
OAP-OVS
OAP-SVO
OAP-HYB
OAH-OVS
OAH-SVO
OAH-HYB
CAS-OVS
CAS-SVO
CAS-HYB
CAP-OVS
CAP-SVO
CAP-HYB
CAH-OVS
CAH-SVO
CAH-HYB
HAS-OVS
HAS-SVO
HAS-HYB
HAP-OVS
HAP-SVO
HAP-HYB
HAH-OVS
HAH-SVO
HAH-HYB
OPP-OVS
OPP-SVO
OPP-HYB
OAP-OVS
OAP-SVO
OAP-HYB
OHP-OVS
OHP-SVO
OHP-HYB
CPP-OVS
CPP-SVO
CPP-HYB
CAP-OVS
CAP-SVO
CAP-HYB
CHP-OVS
CHP-SVO
CHP-HYB
HPP-OVS
HPP-SVO
HPP-HYB
HAP-OVS
HAP-SVO
HAP-HYB
HHP-OVS
HHP-SVO
HHP-HYB
OPS-SVO
OPP-SVO
OPH-SVO
OAS-SVO
OAP-SVO
OAH-SVO
OHS-SVO
OHP-SVO
OHH-SVO
CPS-SVO
CPP-SVO
CPH-SVO
CAS-SVO
CAP-SVO
CAH-SVO
CHS-SVO
CHP-SVO
CHH-SVO
HPS-SVO
HPP-SVO
HPH-SVO
HAS-SVO
HAP-SVO
HAH-SVO
HHS-SVO
HHP-SVO
HHH-SVO
O/C hybrid morphologies P/A hybrid morphologies S/P hybrid morphologies OVS/SVO hybrid morphologies
HPS-OVS
HPS-SVO
HPS-HYB
HPP-OVS
HPP-SVO
HPP-HYB
HPH-OVS
HPH-SVO
HPH-HYB
HAS-OVS
HAS-SVO
HAS-HYB
HAP-OVS
HAP-SVO
HAP-HYB
HAH-OVS
HAH-SVO
HAH-HYB
HHS-OVS
HHS-SVO
HHS-HYB
HHP-OVS
HHP-SVO
HHP-HYB
HHH-OVS
HHH-SVO
HHH-HYB
OHS-OVS
OHS-SVO
OHS-HYB
OHP-OVS
OHP-SVO
OHP-HYB
OHH-OVS
OHH-SVO
OHH-HYB
CHS-OVS
CHS-SVO
CHS-HYB
CHP-OVS
CHP-SVO
CHP-HYB
CHH-OVS
CHH-SVO
CHH-HYB
HHS-OVS
HHS-SVO
HHS-HYB
HHP-OVS
HHP-SVO
HHP-HYB
HHH-OVS
HHH-SVO
HHH-HYB
OPH-OVS
OPH-SVO
OPH-HYB
OAH-OVS
OAH-SVO
OAH-HYB
OHH-OVS
OHH-SVO
OHH-HYB
CPH-OVS
CPH-SVO
CPH-HYB
CAH-OVS
CAH-SVO
CAH-HYB
CHH-OVS
CHH-SVO
CHH-HYB
HPH-OVS
HPH-SVO
HPH-HYB
HAH-OVS
HAH-SVO
HAH-HYB
HHH-OVS
HHH-SVO
HHH-HYB
OPS-HYB
OPP-HYB
OPH-HYB
OAS-HYB
OAP-HYB
OAH-HYB
OHS-HYB
OHP-HYB
OHH-HYB
CPS-HYB
CPP-HYB
CPH-HYB
CAS-HYB
CAP-HYB
CAH-HYB
CHS-HYB
CHP-HYB
CHH-HYB
HPS-HYB
HPP-HYB
HPH-HYB
HAS-HYB
HAP-HYB
HAH-HYB
HHS-HYB
HHP-HYB
HHH-HYB



Back-Vowel Voicing

This refers to a change that occured in numerous dialects of various morphologies. In some dialects, consonants adjascent to back vowels (a, u, o) were voiced. In other dialects, consonants adjascent to rounded vowels (y, u, o) were voiced.

Variant Group A: Onset Voicing in Open Dialects

In open dialects, the onsets of syllables with back vowels were voiced.


p > b /_[a]
p > b /_[u]
p > b /_[o]

t > d /_[a]
t > d /_[u]
t > d /_[o]
t > ɾ /_[vowel]_[same vowel]

k > g /_[a]
k > g /_[u]
k > g /_[o]

q > ɦ /_[a]
q > ɦ /_[u]
q > ɦ /_[o]


Da’a-do’i-rara’o
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS

Transliteration 1: teqo-papequ-taqo-kitoqa taqi-taqiqo-teqi taqe-toqaqo-takikoqaqo kaqi-kiqi-papequ-tataqo

Transliteration 2: deqo-babequ-daqo-gidoqa daqi-daqiqo-deqi daqe-doqaqo-dagigoqaqo gaqi-giqi-babequ-dadaqo

Pronunciation: teɦo-bapeɦu-daɦo-kidoɦa daʔi-daʔiɦo-deʔi daʔe-doɦaɦo-dakigoɦaɦo-gaʔi-kiʔi-bapeɦu-ɾaɾaɦo

Transcription: te’o-bape’u-da’o-kido’a da’i-da’i’o-de’i da’e-do’a’o-dakigo’a’o-ga’i-ki’i-bape’u-rara’o

Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Da’a-do’i-rara’o
Open, preformative, suffixing, SVO

Transliteration 1: kaqi-kiqi-papequ-tataqo taqe-toqaqo-takikoqaqo taqi-taqiqo-teqi teqo-papequ-taqo-kitoqa

Transliteration 2: gaqi-giqi-babequ-dadaqo daqe-doqaqo-dagigoqaqo daqi-daqiqo-deqi deqo-babequ-daqo-gidoqa

Pronunciation: gaʔi-kiʔi-bapeɦu-ɾaɾaɦo daʔe-doɦaɦo-dakigoɦaɦo daʔi-daʔiɦo-deʔi teɦo-bapeɦu-daɦo-kidoɦa

Transcription: ga’i-ki’i-bape’u-rara’o da’e-do’a’o-dakigo’a’o da’i-da’i’o-de’i te’o-bape’u-da’o-kido’a

Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


’Ada-’ido-’orara
Open, afformative, suffixing, OVS

Transliteration 1: qote-qupepa-qota-qatoki qita-qoqita-qite qeta-qoqato-qoqakokita qika-qiki-qupepa-qotata

Transliteration 2: qode-qubeba-qoda-qadogi qida-qoqida-qide qeda-qoqado-qoqagogida qiga-qigi-qubeba-qodada

Pronunciation: ɦote-ɦupeba-ɦoda-ɦadoki ʔida-ɦoʔida-ʔite ʔeda-ɦoɦado-ɦoɦagokida ʔiga-ʔiki-ɦupeba-ɦoɾaɾa

Transcription: ’ote-’upeba-’oda-’adoki ’ida-’o’ida-’ide ’eda-’o’ado-’o’agokida ’iga-’iki-’upeba-’orara

Gloss: Cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


’Ada-’ido-’orara
Open, afformative, suffixing, SVO

Transliteration 1: qika-qiki-qupepa-qotata qeta-qoqato-qoqakokita qita-qoqita-qite qote-qupepa-qota-qatoki

Transliteration 2: qiga-qigi-qubeba-qodada qeda-qoqado-qoqagogida qida-qoqida-qide qode-qubeba-qoda-qadogi

Pronunciation: ʔiga-ʔiki-ɦupeba-ɦoɾaɾa ʔeda-ɦoɦado-ɦoɦagokida ʔida-ɦoʔida-ʔite ɦote-ɦupeba-ɦoda-ɦadoki

Transcription: ’iga-’iki-’upeba-’orara ’eda-’o’ado-’o’agokida ’ida-’o’ida-’ide ’ote-’upeba-’oda-’adoki

Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


Rara’o-do’i-da’a
Open, preformative, prefixing, OVS

Transliteration 1: kitoqa-taqo-papequ-teqo teqi-taqiqo-taqi takikoqaqo-toqaqo-taqe tataqo-pepequ-kiqi-kaqi

Transliteration 2: gidoqa-daqo-babequ-deqo deqi-daqiqo-daqi dagigoqaqo-doqaqo-daqe dadaqo-bebequ-giqi-gaqi

Pronunciation: kidoɦa-daɦo-bapeɦu-teɦo deʔi-daʔiqo-daʔi dakigoɦaɦo-doɦaɦo-daʔe ɾaɾaɦo-pepeɦu-kiʔi-gaʔi

Transcription: kido’a-da’o-bape’u-te’o de’i-da’i’o-da’i dakigo’a’o-do’a’o-da’e rara’o-bepe’u-ki’i-ga’i

Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Rara’o-do’i-da’a
Open, preformative, prefixing, SVO

Transliteration 1: tataqo-pepequ-kiqi-kaqi takikoqaqo-toqaqo-taqe teqi-taqiqo-taqi kitoqa-taqo-papequ-teqo

Transliteration 2: dadaqo-bebequ-giqi-gaqi dagigoqaqo-doqaqo-daqe deqi-daqiqo-daqi gidoqa-daqo-babequ-deqo

Pronunciation: ɾaɾaɦo-bepeɦu-kiʔi-gaʔi dakigoɦaɦo-doɦaɦo-daʔe teʔi-daʔiɦo-daʔi kidoɦa-daɦo-bapeɦu-teɦo

Transcription: rara’o-bepe’u-ki’i-ga’i dakigo’a’o-do’a’o-da’e de’i-da’i’o-da’i kido’a-da’o-bape’u-te’o

Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


’Orara-’ido-’ada
Open, afformative, prefixing, OVS

Transliteration 1: qatoki-qota-qupepa-qote qite-qoqita-qita qoqakokita-qoqato-qeta qotata-qupepa-qiki-qika

Transliteration 2: qadogi-qoda-qubeba-qode qide-qoqida-qida qoqagogida-qoqado-qeda qodada-qubeba-qigi-qiga

Pronunciation: ɦadoki-ɦoda-ɦupeba-ɦote ʔite-ɦoʔida-ʔida ɦoɦagokida-ɦoɦado-ʔeda ɦoɾaɾa-ɦupeba-ʔiki-ʔiga

Transcription: ’adoki-’oda-’upeba-’ote ’ite-’oʔida-’ida ’o’agokida-’o’ado-’eda ’orara-’upeba-’iki-’iga

Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


’Orara-’ido-’ada

Open, afformative, prefixing, SVO

Transliteration 1: qotata-qupepa-qiki-qika qoqakokita-qoqato-qeta qite-qoqita-qita qatoki-qota-qupepa-qote

Transliteration 2: qodada-qubeba-qigi-qiga qoqagogida-qoqado-qeda qide-qoqida-qida qadogi-qoda-qubeba-qode

Pronunciation: ɦoɾaɾa-ɦupeba-ʔiki-ʔiga ɦoɦagokida-ɦoɦado-ʔeda ʔite-ɦoʔida-ʔida ɦadoki-ɦoda-ɦupeba-ɦote

Pronunciation: ’oɾaɾa-’upeba-’iki-’iga ’o’agokida-’o’ado-’eda ’ite-’o’ida-’ida ’adoki-’oda-’upeba-’ote

Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.



Variant Group B: Codal Voicing in Closed Dialects

In closed dialects, the codas of syllables with back vowels were voiced.


p > b /[a]_
p > b /[u]_
p > b /[o]_

t > d /[a]_
t > d /[u]_
t > d /[o]_
t > ɾ /[vowel]_[same vowel]_

k > g /[a]_
k > g /[u]_
k > g /[o]_

q > ɦ /[a]_
q > ɦ /[u]_
q > ɦ /[o]_

Ada’-odi’-araro’
Closed, preformative, suffixing, OVS

Transliteration 1: etoq-apepuq-atoq-ikotaq atiq-atiqoq-etiq ateq-otaqoq-atikokaqoq atiq-ikiq-apepuq-atatoq

Transliteration 2: edoq-abebuq-adoq-igodaq adiq-adiqoq-ediq adeq-odaqoq-adigogaqoq agiq-igiq-abebuq-adadoq

Pronunciation: etoɦ-abepuɦ-adoɦ-ikodaɦ adiʔ-adiʔoɦ-etiʔ adeʔ-odaɦoɦ-adikogaɦoɦ agiʔ-ikiʔ-abepuɦ-aɾaɾoɦ

Transcription: eto’-abepu’-ado’-ikoda’ adi’-adi’o’-eti’ ade’-oda’o’-adikoga’o’ agi’-iki’-abepu’-araro’

Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Ada’-odi’-araro’
Closed, preformative, suffixing, SVO

Transliteration 1: atiq-ikiq-apepuq-atatoq ateq-otaqoq-atikokaqoq atiq-atiqoq-etiq etoq-apepuq-atoq-ikotaq

Transliteration 2: agiq-igiq-abebuq-adadoq adeq-odaqoq-adigogaqoq adiq-adiqoq-ediq edoq-abebuq-adoq-igodaq

Pronunciation: agiʔ-ikiʔ-abepuɦ-aɾaɾoɦ adeʔ-odaɦoɦ-adikogaɦoɦ adiʔ-adiqoɦ-etiʔ etoɦ-abepuɦ-adoɦ-ikodaɦ

Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


A’ad-i’od-o’arar
Closed, afformative, suffixing, OVS

Transliteration: oqet-uqepap-oqat-aqotik iqat-oqiqat-iqet eqat-oqaqot-oqaqokikat iqat-iqik-uqepap-oqatat

Transliteration: oqed-uqebab-oqad-aqodig iqad-oqiqad-iqed eqad-oqaqod-oqaqogigad iqad-iqig-uqebab-oqadad

Pronunciation: oɦet-uɦepab-oɦad-aɦodik iʔad-oɦiʔad-iʔet eʔad-oɦaɦod-oɦaɦogikad iʔag-iʔik-uɦepab-oɦaɾaɾ

Pronunciation: o’et-u’epab-o’ad-a’odik i’ad-o’i’ad-i’et e’ad-o’a’od-o’a’ogikad i’ag-i’ik-u’epab-o’arar

Gloss: Cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


A’ad-i’od-o’arar
Closed, afformative, suffixing, SVO

Transliteration 1: iqak-iqik-uqepap-oqatat eqat-oqaqot-oqaqogikad iqad-oqiqad-iqed oqet-uqeqab-oqad-aqodik

Transliteration 2: iqag-iqig-uqebab-oqadad eqad-oqaqod-oqaqogigad iqad-oqiqad-iqed oqed-uqebab-oqad-aqodig

Pronunciation: iʔag-iʔik-uɦepab-oɦaɾaɾ eʔad-oɦaɦod-oɦaɦogikad iʔad-oɦiʔad-iʔet oɦet-uɦeʔab-oɦad-aɦodik

Pronunciation: i’ag-i’ik-u’epab-o’arar e’ad-o’a’od-o’a’ogikad i’ad-o’i’ad-i’et o’et-u’e’ab-o’ad-a’odik

Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


Araro’-odi’-ada’
Closed, preformative, prefixing, OVS

Transliteration 1: ikotaq-atoq-apepuq-etoq etiq-atiqoq-atiq atikokaqoq-otaqoq-ateq atatoq-etapuq-ikiq-akiq

Transliteration: igodaq-adoq-abebuq-edoq ediq-adiqoq-adiq adigogaqoq-odaqoq-adeq adadoq-edabuq-igiq-agiq

Pronunciation: ikodaɦ-adoɦ-abepuɦ-etoɦ etiʔ-adiqoɦ-adiʔ adikogaɦoɦ-odaɦoɦ-adeʔ aɾaɾoɦ-edepuɦ-ikiʔ-agiʔ

Transcription: ikoda’-ado’-abepu’-eto’ eti’-adiqo’-adi’ adikoga’o’-oda’o’-ade’ araro’-edepu’-iki’-agi’

Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Araro’-odi’-ada’
Closed, preformative, prefixing, SVO

Transliteration: atatoq-epepuq-ikiq-akiq atikokaqoq-otaqoq-ateq etiq-atiqoq-atiq ikotaq-atoq-atepuq-etoq

Transliteration: adadoq-ebebuq-igiq-agiq adigogaqoq-odaqoq-adeq ediq-adiqoq-adiq igodaq-adoq-adepuq-edoq

Pronunciation: aɾaɾoɦ-ebepuɦ-ikiʔ-agiʔ adikogaɦoɦ-odaɦoɦ-adeʔ etiʔ-adiqoɦ-adiʔ ikodaɦ-adoɦ-adepuɦ-etoɦ

Transcription: araro’-ebepu’-iki’-agi’ adikoga’o’-oda’o’-ade’ eti’-adiqo’-adi’ ikoda’-ado’-adepu’-eto’

Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


O’arar-i’od-a’ad
Closed, afformative, prefixing, OVS

Transliteration 1: aqotik-oqat-uqepap-oqet iqet-oqiqat-iqat oqaqokikat-oqaqot-eqat oqatat-uqepap-iqik-iqak

Transliteration 2: aqodig-oqad-uqebab-oqed iqed-oqiqad-iqad oqaqogigad-oqaqod-eqad oqadad-uqebab-iqig-iqag

Pronunciation: aɦodik-oɦad-uɦepab-oɦet iʔet-oɦiʔad-iʔad oɦaɦogikad-oɦaɦod-eqad oɦaɾaɾ-uɦepab-iʔik-iʔag

Transcription: a’odik-o’ad-u’epab-o’et i’et-o’i’ad-i’ad o’a’ogikad-o’a’od-eqad o’arar-u’epab-i’ik-i’ag

Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


O’arar-i’od-a’ad
Closed, afformative, prefixing, SVO

Transliteration 1: oqatat-uqepap-iqik-iqak oqaqokikat-oqaqot-eqat iqet-oqiqat-iqat aqotik-oqat-uqepap-oqet

Transliteration 2: oqadad-uqebab-iqig-iqag oqaqogigad-oqaqod-eqad iqed-oqiqad-iqad aqodig-oqad-uqebab-oqed

Pronunciation: oɦaɾaɾ-uɦepab-iʔik-iʔag oɦaɦogikad-oɦaɦod-eʔad iʔet-oɦiʔad-iʔad aɦodik-oɦad-uɦepab-oɦet

Transcription: o’arar-u’epab-i’ik-iʔag o’a’ogikad-o’a’od-e’ad i’et-o’i’ad-i’ad a’odik-o’ad-u’epab-o’et

Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.





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